Endothelial dysfunction in the early- and late-stage type-2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rat aorta

As there are increasing evidences that human diabetes induces cardiovascular dysfunction, we investigated the type-2 diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction in the early and late-stage Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat aorta. We performed organ bath studies, and examined the changes in expression levels of muscarinic M(3) receptor, endothelial, inducible, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (eNOS, iNOS, and nNOS, respectively) mRNAs in the rat aorta utilizing real-time polymerase chain reaction in 12-week-old and 70-week-old GK rats as well as in age-matched Wistar rats. In the 12-week-old GK rat aorta, a significant increase in norepinephrine-induced contraction and a significant decrease in acetylcholine-induced relaxation as well as significant increases in expression levels of muscarinic M(3) receptor and eNOS and a significant decrease in nNOS mRNAs were observed compared to age-matched controls. In the older GK rat aorta, significant decreases in acetylcholine- and nitroglycerine-induced relaxations as well as significant decreases in the expression levels of muscarinic M(3) receptor, eNOS, iNOS, and nNOS mRNAs were observed compared to those in the younger GK rats. In contrast, although significant decreases in acetylcholine and nitroglycerine-induced relaxations were observed, the expression levels of muscarinic M(3) receptor, eNOS, iNOS, and nNOS mRNAs in the older Wistar rats aorta were unchanged, increased, increased and decreased, respectively, compared to the younger Wistar rat aorta. These results indicate that endothelial dysfunction in the rat aorta progresses with age and development of diabetes condition, and that decreased relaxations in the late-stage rat aorta may be due to these alterations